Industry as a Dominant in the Formation of an Ukraine’s Self-Sufficient Economy

in the spirituality of a person as a spiritual-bio-social subject, collec-tives, civil society and its institutions.

Solving the complex of the identified problems of structural changes in industry, determining the vector of its development, justifying the increase in the role of industry in ensuring the self-sufficiency of the economy as a whole, regions and enterprises is very relevant in theoretical and practical aspects.
Analysis of recent publications on the problem. Scientific developments concerning the self-sufficient economy of states, regions, types of economic activity, industry are in the field of view of leading foreign and domestic research organizations, scientists, politicians, business leaders. Many researchers divide the historical path of development of society, economy, industry into stages: pre-industrial; industrial; post-industrial. In the industrial era, the leading sphere of activity, the dominant of the development of society and the economy, is industry, which in the middle of the twentieth century accounted for more than 50% of world real GDP.
The institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine prepared, published and sent to the state and regional authorities a number of national and scientific reports on the directions of solving the problems of the Ukrainian economy emerging from the systemic socio-International and Regional Economics Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020 economic crisis [22][23][24][25]. Scientific developments are partially used by governing bodies, interested research organizations, enterprises, and higher educational institutions.
The monographs published on the problem [26][27][28][29][30] contain recommendations on ways to overcome the crisis in the economy through the advanced development of industry, and in it -mechanical engineering. This is the transition of industry from the conditions created by the II industrial revolution (IR) to the technologies of the III and IV industrial revolutions. The expediency of the evolutionary movement to the level of modern requirements is fairly emphasized, using the experience of the developed countries G-7 and G-20, adapting it to domestic conditions.
The desire of politicians now and immediately to move from technologies II-III to IV IR, V-VI technological order (TO) has formed a mistaken understanding of the possibility of building an economy of an agrarian superpower with a collapsing industrial base, since the agrarian economy should also be based on modern industry.
Partially noted positions and trends are reflected in the above and some other works and studies. However, this is still not enough, the problem of preserving industry as a dominant in the formation of a self-sufficient post-industrial economy in Ukraine remains very relevant and requires further scientific research.
The purpose of this study is to substantiate and deepen the directions of restoring the self-sufficiency of the Ukrainian economy on the basis of high-tech industry, including mechanical engineering.
Outline of the main results and their justification. The genius thinkers of ancient Greece (Socrates, Xenophon, Aristotle, etc.) saw two areas of economic activity in the life support of households: the economy as an art (methods of conducting, managing, ensuring an effective household), chrematistics -the activity of accumulating money, often in isolation from social useful activity. Subsequently, in these areas, the real sector of the economy (agriculture and industry) and the service sector were formed, the main role in which currently belongs to financial activities. From the times of antiquity to the present, most specialists still divide the economy into three spheres: agriculture, industry, and services. Their state in the pre-industrial period (slaveowning and feudal socio-economic formations), in the industrial period (capitalism, socialism) and the postindustrial period (inclusive capitalism, new world economic order) is shown in Fig. 1. Source: Territorial structure of the world economy. URL: http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/00000c51-1000-4ddd-517d-3600483aebf5/06-1-1.htm.
As can be seen from Fig. 1, in the prehistoric period, the leading sector of the economy was agricultural production, in the industrial -industrial production (capitalist and socialist economies, since their material and technical base is identical); in the post-industrial sector, the service sector (inclusive capitalist economy and the economy of countries with a new world economic order, for example, China, India, etc.).
In the first twenty years of the XXI century the world economy is represented by the economies of the industrial period (developing and post-socialist countries) and the post-industrial period (the G-7 countries and some G-20 countries).
The widely known data on the structure of the GDP of the world economy and individual countries (the second decade of the XXI century) show different ratios ( Table 1).
The presented data allow us to assert that the indicators of individual countries differ significantly from the world ones. For example, the share of agriculture in world GDP by the beginning and in the first decades of the 21st century was 4%, 35% of the population worked in it; in developing countries, respectively 19% and 40%, in developed countries 1% and 4%. The indicators of industry and services differ significantly in relative and absolute terms. 32 Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020  Figure 1 and the data in Table 1 give an idea of the vectors of changes in the structure of the economy and GDP of the world and individual countries. The dynamics of changes in the structure of US GDP (1990-2016) is shown in Table 2.

The indicators in
Statistical data ( Table 2)   In Ukraine, the change in the ratio of three sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry, services) is taking place against the background of a general decline in production volumes (in price and physical terms) since 1991. In 2021, Ukraine's GDP (in constant prices, in dollar terms at par and PPP, in absolute terms) still did not reach the 1991 level, which is not observed in any of the post-Soviet countries in Europe. Among the reasons -the outstripping, relative to other spheres of activity, decline in industrial production in price and absolute terms (Table 3). Data on the dynamics of industry and mechanical engineering are somewhat overestimated, since the movement (decline) of the economy as a whole, real GDP, and the ratio of the exchange rate are not taken into account.
It is known that the indicators of industry and economy significantly depend on the basic industry -mechanical engineering, which ensures its own development, technical re-equipment of all sectors of the state's Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020 economy, updating their material and technical base at least every 5-10 years (depending on the industry).
The experience of developed countries shows that modern mechanical engineering is able to stabilize the work of industry and accelerate economic recovery, make it self-sufficient, steadily developing, focused on meeting the needs of the population by at least 80% of products and services of its own production. For this, it is necessary that government bodies and civil society take an active part in this on the principles of publicprivate and public-private partnerships. Studies by the Institute of Industrial Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine confirm that it is advisable to start work with mechanical engineering, extend to industry, sectors of the real economy, and then to the economy as a whole.
Let us consider this process using the example of domestic mechanical engineering. In the 90s of the twentieth century, Ukraine was one of the 10 most developed industrial states in Europe, having a fairly modern, according to the criteria of that time, structure of industry and mechanical engineering. The share of industry (section B, C, D according to Classification of economic activities) in Ukraine's GDP in 1991 was 45%. Machine building in Ukraine in 1990 provided up to 14% of GDP, and its share in industry reached 30.5% [32]. Today in the EU the share of mechanical engineering in industrial production is 36-45%, including in Germany -53.6%, Italy -36.4%. In other countries: Japan -51.52%, Great Britain -34.6%, China -35.21%. In the USA, the contribution of mechanical engineering to GDP is 5-10%, in the Russian Federation -18% [35; 36; 38].
Currently, the engineering industry of Ukraine includes more than 11 thousand enterprises of various forms of ownership, size, level of technology, etc., 15% of fixed assets, 6% of current assets, up to 20% of industrial workers. But the share of mechanical engineering in Ukraine's GDP is declining, amounting to no more than 7% [40].
One of the negative indicators of the domestic machine-building industry is the decline in exports from 13.2 billion dollars in 2012 to 5 billion dollars in 2018. Imports significantly exceed supplies abroad, which is a reflection of government policy. The principles of market relations are violated, export-import activities of mechanical engineering with individual large foreign partners are prohibited. At the same time, assistance is not provided to domestic producers in increasing quotas for the supply of products to Europe, in the development of world markets.
In order to ensure economic security and reindustrialize production, it is necessary to systematically and continuously support mechanical engineering from the state. On the basis of public-private partnership, it is necessary to create and implement promising, breakthrough technologies (Table 4). For the development of mechanical engineering, it is necessary to change the strategy of the state regarding the provision of engineering enterprises with its own and state sources of financing investments, technical re-equipment and development. Throughout the entire period of the functioning of the state of Ukraine, there are attempts to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) into the economy. However, practice shows that FDI in the domestic economy is no more than 5% of total investment and is "scattered" across all industries. These, albeit insignificant, receipts should be concentrated in mechanical engineering. It is advisable to apply the model of monetary financing by banks of investment projects of domestic machine-building enterprises. This model is actively used in the European Union, in the G-20 countries.
For the practical implementation of this model in the domestic industry, mechanical engineering, the necessary paradigm and mechanisms have been developed [30, p. 274-311], which makes it possible to at least double the financing of capital investments in mechanical engineering. The availability of sufficient funding for projects of innovative and investment re-equipment of mechanical engineering will allow the industry to solve internal problems, then to carry out technical reequipment of the industry and the economy as a whole.
Modern self-sufficient states of Europe and the world are developed industrial and post-industrial (hyperindustrial) countries that provide their economy and population with guaranteed up to 90% of the products of their production, participate in the international equal division of labour and cooperation, included in those Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(62), 2020 unions and associations that allow them to remain really independent and self-sufficient. The high level of development of mechanical engineering and industry as drivers of economic development contribute to the implementation of this lofty goal. Science and education, managers of all levels, civil society and its institutions should work to promote and implement this direction.
Conclusions. Historical trends in economic development testify to the need and feasibility of large and medium-sized countries to be self-sufficient, to have a modern high-tech industry, to develop highly mechanized agriculture, a tertiary sector of the economy based on ICT, artificial intelligence, a highly qualified workforce, and digitalization. It is advisable to have economic growth rates of average countries close to the world ones, and in developing countries, to which Ukraine belongs, they should be higher than the world rates by 1.5-2.0 and more times.
The self-sufficiency of the country's economy presupposes the provision of scientifically substantiated needs of the economy and the population by at least 80% with products and services of its own production, with the share of high-tech mechanical engineering at the level of 30-35%. This will allow preserving and developing the material and technical base of the state, to solve internal social and economic problems, to participate in the international division and cooperation of labor on the principles of mutual benefit, to participate as an equal subject in regional and world unions and associations, to preserve traditions and culture.

Amosha O., Bryukhovetska N., Buleev I. Industry as a Dominant in the Formation of an Ukraine's Self-Sufficient Economy
For millennia, the traditional ancient, slave-owning, feudal economy was formed and developed at a slow pace, the basis of which was agricultural production, and handicraft (the predecessor of industry), services were insignifi-